Multiple Choice

1. _______________ argued that the major activities of management and leadership are played out differently; but both are essential to an organization
a. Jago
b. Zaleznik
c. Kotter
d. Bass
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Leadership and Management
Question Type: MC

2. Power is described as
a. A relational concern for both leaders and followers
b. Use of force over others to manipulate them
c. Letting any follower do whatever he or she wants
d. Forcing people to engage in extreme behaviors
Ans: A
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Leadership and Power
Question Type: MC

3. The “Great Man/Person” trait definition of leadership
a. Is about the interaction between leaders and followers
b. Can be learned
c. Is restricted to those with inborn talent, qualities, or characteristics
d. Is about developing leadership skills
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Leadership Described
Question Type: MC

4. The four key elements of the definition of leadership used in the text are
a. Trait, goal, emergent, expert
b. Process, influence, group, goal
c. Values, ethics, process, performance
d. Capability, competency, skill, relationship
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Leadership Defined
Question Type: MC

5. In their discussion about management and leadership, Bennis and Nanus said that leaders
a. “Do things right”
b. “Do the right thing”
c. “Do what followers want”
d. “Do enough to get the job done”
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Leadership and Management
Question Type: MC

6. People in the organization like me because I know what I am doing and share knowledge with followers.  I have
a. Position power
b. Personal power
c. Information power
d. Legitimate power
e. Reward power
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Leadership and Power
Question Type: MC

7. Chief executive officers of any company have
a. Legitimate power
b. Referent power
c. Expert power
d. Personal power
e. Emergent power
Ans: A
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Leadership and Power
Question Type: MC

8. I can emerge as the leader in my group project by
a. Telling all group members exactly what to do
b. Communicating and listening well with group members
c. Sitting at the head of the table
d. Being designated by the instructor as the group leader
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Assigned versus Emergent Leadership
Question Type: MC

9. Kellerman argues that in the last forty years there has been a shift in leadership power from
a. Shared power to top down power
b. Leader dominated power to shared power with followers
c. Follower dominated power to shared power with leaders
d. Referent power focus to coercive power focus
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Leadership and Power
Question Type: MC

10. Information power is
a. Associated with having formal job authority
b. Based on followers liking of their leader
c. Derived from having the ability to provide rewards
d. Focused on the social contract between leaders and followers
e. Derived from possessing knowledge that others want or need
Ans: E
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Leadership and Power
Question Type: MC

11. Who is said to engage leadership?
a. Followers
b. Groups
c. Organizations
d. Leaders
Ans: D
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Definition and Components
Question Type: MC

12. Who is responsible for the leadership process?
a. Followers
b. Leaders
c. Organizations
d. Followers and leaders
Ans: D
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Definition and components
Question Type: MC

13. The common goals element of the definition of leadership means
a. Leaders and followers have a mutual purpose
b. Leaders and followers have similar personalities
c. Leaders and followers have similar interests
d. Leaders and followers have a mutual desire for power
Ans: A
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Definition and components
Question Type: MC

14. The statement “She/he is born to be a leader” suggests a
a. Process definition of leadership
b. Trait definition of leadership
c. Gender bias definition of leadership
d. Coercive definition of leadership
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Definition and components
Question Type: MC

15. Social identity theory would suggest leadership emergence occurs when
a. The group identifies with the leader
b. They acquire the skills to do the job well
c. The group assigns them the role of leader
d. They become most like the group prototype
Ans: D
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Assigned versus Emergent Leadership
Question Type: MC

16. Coercive leadership
a. Is not allowing a player to play in competition because he or she was late to practice
b. Is forcing followers to engage in extreme behaviors
c. Is using the influence relationship to affect change
d. Is supporting ethical behavior amongst team members
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Leadership and Coercion
Question Type: MC

17. To coerce means to
a. Influence others toward a common goal
b. Influence others to behave ethically
c. Influence others to do something against their will
d. Influence others using positive rewards
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Leadership and Coercion
Question Type: MC

18. Non-leadership is
a. A relational interaction between a group of people toward common goals
b. Sharing goal development with followers
c. Leadership that is focused on individual goals
d. Leadership that is focused on working with followers to achieve common goals
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Leadership and Coercion
Question Type: MC

19. The primary functions of leadership are
a. Directing, ruling, encouraging
b. Aligning, visioning, inspiring
c. Building, maintaining, staffing
d. Budgeting, controlling, problem solving
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Leadership and Management
Question Type: MC

20. Simonet and Tett (2012) found that management is distinct from leadership by
a. Extrinsic motivation
b. Intrinsic motivation
c. Strategic planning 
d. Creative thinking
Ans: A
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Leadership and Management
Question Type: MC

21. Differences between management and leadership include
a. Leaders are emotionally involved, whereas managers have low emotional involvement
b. Managers shape ideas, whereas leaders are reactive in solving problems
c. Leaders are unidirectional influencers, whereas managers are multidirectional influencers
d. Leaders are controlling, whereas managers are motivating
Ans: A
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Leadership and Management
Question Type: MC

22. The primary functions of management are
a. Producing change and movement
b. Producing positive leadership outcomes
c. Producing a creative vision
d. Producing order and consistency
Ans: D
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Leadership and Management
Question Type: MC

23. One key to emerging as a leader
a. Is to be perceived by others as likable and knowledgeable
b. Is to be forceful in asserting your opinions
c. Is to avoid listening to opposing opinions
d. Is to be perceived by others as commanding and dominant
Ans: A
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Assigned versus Emergent
Question Type: MC

24. Which of the following bases of power are considered personal power?
a. Information
b. Referent
c. Coercive
d. Reward
e. Legitimate
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Leadership and Power
Question Type: MC

25. Scholarly research and popular work on the nature of leadership exploded in this decade
a. 1950
b. 1960
c. 1970
d. 1980
Ans: D
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Leadership Defined
Question Type: MC

26. The emerging approach called servant leadership
a. Focuses on followers needs
b. Focuses on traits
c. Focuses on adapting to solve problems
d. Focuses on spirituality
Ans: A
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Leadership Defined
Question Type: MC

27. Which way of classifying leadership involves capabilities to make leadership possible?
a. Group process
b. Personality
c. Skills
d. Power
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Leadership Defined
Question Type: MC

28. The process definition of leadership implies
a. Leadership is linear
b. Leadership is one-way, top-down
c. Leadership is leader centered
d. Leadership is reciprocal between leaders and followers
Ans: D
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Definition and Components
Question Type: MC

29. Although there are clear differences between management and leadership, 
a. There is little research to support one or the other
b. Leadership is more valued than management
c. The two constructs overlap
d. Management is more valued than leadership
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Leadership and management
Question Type: MC

30. Argued that leaders and managers are distinct; they are different types of people
a. Jago
b. Zaleznik
c. Kotter
d. Bass
e. Burns
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Leadership and management
Question Type: MC

	31. Leaders' power to provide pay raises and promotions is
a. Reward
b. Coercive
c. Legitimate
d. Referent
e. Expert
Ans: A
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Leadership and Power
Question Type: MC

32. Defining leadership as a process means
a. It is a transactional event.
b. It is focused on influence.
c. It is an inborn trait or characteristic 
d. It may only take place in groups.
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Leadership Defined
Question Type: MC

33. The following is not one of the classifications for a definition of leadership:
a. The focus of group process
b. An artistic process
c. A behavior
d. A personality trait
e. An instrument of goal achievement
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Leadership Defined
Question Type: MC

34. The primary functions of management are
a. Planning, organizing, staffing, and controlling.
b. Forming, storming, norming, and reforming.
c. Building, breaking down, rebuilding, and maintaining.
d. Ruling, listening, adapting, and adjusting.
e. Directing, framing, extending, and encouraging.
Ans: A
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Leadership and management
Question Type: MC

	35. Some positive communication behaviors that account for successful leader emergence are
a. Sense of humor, facial expressiveness.
b. Being dominant, speaking frequently.
c. Differentiating oneself from the group, challenging group norms.
d. Being informed, initiating new ideas.
Ans: D
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Assigned versus Emergent
Question Type: MC

	36. Leadership definitions have evolved during the 20th century in the following way:
a. The trait approach remains the most popular approach over time.
b. A leader's power remains a key requirement for goal accomplishment.
c. Focus on leadership effectiveness became prominent in the 1970s.
d. Leadership research peaked in the 1980s.
Ans: D
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Leadership Defined
Question Type: MC

	37. Fisher associates all of the following positive communication behaviors with emergent 
leadership, except
a. Being verbally involved
b. Establishing roles
c. Seeking others' opinions
d. Initiating new ideas
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Assigned versus Emergent
Question Type: MC

38. You are told you need to work weekends. Your supervisor gives you a pay raise in return. 
What type of power is your supervisor using?
a. Referent
b. Expert
c. Legitimate
d. Reward
e. Coercive
Ans: D
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Leadership and Power
Question Type: MC

	39. Leadership is a phenomenon that takes place in the context of the interaction between leaders 
and followers. This viewpoint would suggest leadership is accessible by all:
a. Reward
b. Referent
c. Process
d. Trait
e. Legitimate
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Leadership Defined
Question Type: MC

40. You really enjoy working for your boss and look up to her or him as a role model. You are 
more than willing to work hard for the organization because of your relationship with your boss. 
This is an example of
a. Legitimate power
b. Coercive power
c. Position power
d. Personal power
e. Reward power
Ans: D
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Leadership and Power
Question Type: MC

	41. On the way to track practice you get pulled over for speeding. When you arrive to practice 
late, the coach makes you run laps. This is an example of
a. Legitimate power
b. Coercive power
c. Expert power
d. Personal power
e. Reward power
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Leadership and Power
Question Type: MC

	42. Often leadership occurs within a context where one individual influences a group of others to 
accomplish goals. Which best describes this component of leadership?
a. Leadership occurs in groups.
b. Leadership involves influence.
c. Leadership includes organizations.
d. Leadership includes attention to common goals.
Ans: A
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Leadership Defined
Question Type: MC

43. Watson and Hoffman's study on leadership emergence with regard to gender-biased 
perceptions would suggest
a. Influential women were rated the same as men in terms of leadership.
b. Women are much more likeable than men.
c. Emergence in leadership has little to do with gender bias.
d. There continue to be barriers to women's emergence as leaders in some settings.
e. Men are always more influential within groups and organizations.
Ans: D
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Assigned versus Emergent
Question Type: MC

44. Kotter suggested that management produces_______ and ________.
a. Change and structure
b. Vision and order
c. Order and consistency
d. Change and movement
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Leadership and management
Question Type: MC

	45. Although there are clear differences between management and leadership,
a. There is little research to support one or the other.
b. Leadership is more valued than management.
c. The two constructs overlap.
d. Management is more valued than leadership.
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Leadership and management
Question Type: MC

	46. In which way will leadership and power be approached in upcoming chapters?
a. As a form of coercion.
b. As positional power.
c. From the perspective of the follower.
d. As a relational concern for both leaders and followers.
e. As a tool to be used by the leader.
Ans: D
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Leadership Defined
Question Type: MC

47. Understanding the nature of leadership has proved to be quite the challenge for practitioners 
and researchers because
a. Its appeal is limited to academics and scholars.
b. Very little research has been done.
c. It has not received much attention.
d. It is a highly valued phenomenon that is very complex.
Ans: D
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Summary
Question Type: MC

	48. Your parents and older siblings are all successful elected officials. After graduation, it is 
suggested by many that you should seek office and, in turn, offer you their support. Which best 
describes the leadership approach being demonstrated?
a. Behavioral approach to leadership
b. Leadership as a process
c. Trait perspective
d. Expert power
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Leadership Defined
Question Type: MC

	49. As captain of the soccer team, your primary concern is winning games and maintaining the 
strength of the team. Your players couldn’t care less about teamwork and just want to win. Which component of leadership would you recommend the leader focus on?
a. Roles
b. Common goals
c. Process
d. Influence
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Leadership Defined
Question Type: MC

	50. The leader is at the core of group change and activity, representing the backbone of the group 
or organization. Leadership is viewed as
a. Focus of group processes
b. Personality perspective
c. Leadership as an act
d. Leadership as a behavior
Ans: A
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Leadership Defined
Question Type: MC

51. Jeffrey is the chief financial officer of an established marketing firm.  He recently learned that the company is going to try to merge with a new firm.  He shares this potential merger with only a few of his mid-level managers he trusts.  Jeffrey has
a. Information and referent power
b. Reward and referent power
c. Information and legitimate power
d. Personal and information power
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Leadership and Power
Question Type: MC

52. Coercive leadership is not considered ideal leadership as defined in this text because
a. Influence in leadership includes followers and leaders working toward a common goal
b. Process is a part of the definition in both coercion and leadership
c. Forcing and manipulative behaviors are legitimate leadership tactics
d. Coercive leadership involves both individual and common goals
Ans: A
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Leadership and Power
Question Type: MC

53. My boss really does not get the technical aspects of the job my group is trying to complete. I understand the intricacies of the project and my team members come to me with all of their questions. What has happened in this work setting?
a. I have taken control and power of the group
b. I have undermined my boss
c. I have emerged as the team leader
d. My boss is no longer a leader
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Emergent and Assigned Leadership
Question Type: MC

54. Writing about and researching leadership is
a. Declining in popularity
b. A universally appealing topic
c. Simplistic rather than complex
d. Less popular in the business area than in social sciences
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Summary
Question Type: MC

55. Leadership and management
a. Are completely separate entities
b. Occur only in large corporations
c. Occur only in small organizations
d. Are both needed in organizations
Ans: D
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Summary
Question Type: MC

56. The faculty member on my study abroad trip to Costa Rica has traveled there many times and is quite knowledgeable about the country and places we visited.  She gave us guidance about the country, local culture, and safety issues while we were interning with the local farmers.  The faculty member was using
a. Referent power
b. Positional power
c. Coercive power
d. Expert power
Ans: D
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Leadership and Power
Question Type: MC

57. Which of the following is a planning and budgeting management function?
a. Create a vision
b. Build teams and coalitions
c. Setting timetables
d. Aligning people
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Leadership and Management
Question Type: MC

58. The trait definition of leadership suggests
a. Leadership occurs because of who the leader is
b. Interaction is the key to leadership success
c. Self-confidence is required for good leadership
d. Dominance is required for good leadership
Ans: A
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Leadership Defined
Question Type: MC

Multiple Selection

59. Leadership
a. Can be learned
b. Cannot be learned
c. Is about mutual influence
d. Is one-way influence
Ans: A, C
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Summary
Question Type: MC

60. Leaders have multidirectional influence, which means they 
a. Are emotionally active and involved with followers
b. Decide actions for the followers
c. Motivate and inspire followers
d. Plan and control work schedules
Ans: A, C
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Leadership Described
Question Type: MS

61. An emergent leader
a. Holds a position in an organization 
b. Is perceived as likable and knowledgeable
c. Uses communication skills to be perceived by others as leading the group
d. Is ranked higher than followers
Ans: B, C
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Assigned versus Emergent Leadership
Question Type: MS

62. Which of the following bases of power are considered positional power?
a. Information
b. Referent
c. Coercive
d. Reward
e. Expert
Ans: A, C, D
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Leadership and Power
Question Type: MS

63. The people on my work project team call me aside and share that they are unhappy with the work of the team leader.  They share that they feel I know more than the leader and they like my style of interacting with them more than the team leader’s.  What is happening in this team?
a. You are emerging as the leader
b. Legitimate power is diminished
c. Personal power is diminished
d. Influence of the team leader has gone up
Ans: A, B
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Assigned versus Emergent and Leadership and Power
Question Type: MS

64. Leadership emergence can be affected by
a. Gender-biased perceptions
b. Rank in the organization
c. Fit with group prototype
d. Communication behaviors 
Ans: A, C, D
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Definition and components
Question Type: MS

65. Simonet and Tett (2012) explored how leadership and management are best conceptualized and found
a. Overlap between leadership and management 
b. Differences between leadership and management
c. Leadership and management are synonymous terms
d. Professionalism and goal setting are similar between leadership and management
Ans: A, B, D
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Leadership and Management
Question Type: MS

66. Leadership and management are similar in that they both
a. Involve influence
b. Entail working with others
c. Are concerned with effective goal management
d. Focus on adaptive and constructive change
Ans: A, B, C
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Leadership and Management
Question Type: MS

67. Which of the following holds position power?
a. Vice president of a company
b. President of a student organization
c. Dean of a college
d. Sergeant in the military
Ans: A, B, C, D
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Leadership and Power
Question Type: MS

68. Which of the following has legitimate power?
a. The president of a company
b. A committee member
c. A college professor
d. A police officer
Ans: A, C, D
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Leadership and Power
Question Type: MS

69. The director of study abroad had to cancel a trip because a travel advisory was issued warning that the country to be visited was not safe for foreign travel.  The director was using
a. Referent power
b. Positional power
c. Coercive power
d. Legitimate power
Ans: B, D
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Leadership and Power
Question Type: MS

True/False

70. The research on leadership generally has found it to be a relatively simple process.
Ans: False
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Introduction
Question Type: TF

	71. More than 60 different leadership classification systems have been developed.
Ans: True
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Introduction
Question Type: TF

	72. Leadership occurs in both large and small groups.
Ans: True
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Introduction
Question Type: TF

73. According to Burns, followers should remember that their leaders are above them and act accordingly.
Ans: False
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Introduction
Question Type: TF

74. The earliest leadership theories in the 20th century emphasized control and centralization of power.
Ans: True
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Introduction
Question Type: TF

75. The view that leadership is a behavior rather than a trait emerged in the 1930s.
Ans: False
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Box 1 and Leadership Defined
Question Type: TF

76. An individual perceived by other group members as influential can only be an assigned leader, not an emergent one.
Ans: False
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Assigned versus Emergent
Question Type: TF

77. A boss by definition usually has position power over subordinates.
Ans: True
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Leadership and Power
Question Type: TF

78. Leaders who use coercion are generally mostly interested in their own goals, rather than those of subordinates.
Ans: True
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Leadership and coercion
Question Type: TF

79. Kotter argues that managerial and leadership functions are really quite similar.
Ans: True
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Management and Leadership
Question Type: TF

80. A factor common to the leadership classification systems is the view of leadership as a process of influence.
Ans: True
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Definition and components
Question Type: TF

	81. Followers usually are responsible for maintaining the relationship with leaders.
Ans: False
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Definition and Components
Question Type: TF

82. The process definition of leadership states that certain individuals have inborn qualities that differentiate them from non-leaders.
Ans: False
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Leadership Defined
Question Type: TF

83. The governor of your state possesses French and Raven’s legitimate power. 
Ans: True
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Leadership and Power
Question Type: TF

84. A person who is seen by their team as likeable and friendly possesses reward power.
Ans: False
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Leadership and Power
Question Type: TF

85. The trait definition of leadership occurs through the interaction between leaders and followers. 
Ans: True
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Trait versus Process Leadership
Question Type: TF

86. As president of my student organization I have position power. 
Ans: True
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Leadership and Power
Question Type: TF

87. Leadership scholars have agreed on a singular definition of leadership.
Ans: False
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Introduction
Question Type: TF

88. Spiritual leadership is an emerging leadership approach.
Ans: True
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Introduction
Question Type: TF

89. Using a process definition of leadership means it is available to everyone.
Ans: True
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Definition and Components
Question Type: TF

Essay

90. Using Hogg’s social identity theory, how could you coach a minority person who aspires to leadership in his or her organization?
Ans: There are two facets to this answer: First, social identity theory suggests that emergence is tied to a person's fit with the identity of the group as a whole. If a minority person does not fit the racial/ethnic/gender profile of the majority, then he or she should identify other dimensions of the group identity with which he or she does fit, such as political ideology or group mission, and 
highlight those when seeking leadership. Second, research on emergent leadership identifies 
some positive communication behaviors associated with leader emergence. Coaches should help 
individuals practice speaking up in meetings, being well informed, being good listeners and 
seeking out others' ideas, initiating new ideas, and being firm but not rigid.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Assigned vs. Emergent
Question Type: Essay

91. Defend or refute: Men and women are equally likely to emerge as leaders in mixed-sex 
groups.
Ans: Research on emergent leadership identifies some positive communication behaviors associated with leader emergence: speaking up in meetings, being well informed, being a good listener and seeking out others' ideas, initiating new ideas, and being firm but not rigid. At the same time, when men and women engage in these behaviors, they are perceived differently by group members. In Watson and Hoffman's 2004 study, men and women were seen as equally 
influential, but women were rated lower on leadership and likability.  Depending on the group 
and task, women and men may not have equal opportunity to emerge as group leaders.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Assigned vs. Emergent
Question Type: Essay

92. Using Kotter’s functions of management and leadership model to support your argument, would you rather your direct supervisor be a leader or a manager? Use Kotter's model as a reference to the specifics of each.
Ans: Either manager or leader could be chosen here as long as the answer is well supported.  A leader choice should consist of the key aspects suggested by Kotter: producing change and movement, establishing direction, aligning people, and motivating and inspiring. The same should be done if manager is chosen, focusing again on the following points: produces order and consistency, planning and budgeting, organizing and staffing, and controlling and problem solving.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Leadership and Management
Question Type: Essay

93. Using the definition of leadership as stated in the text—“Leadership is a process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal”—create an example 
where a leader uses and demonstrates each component effectively. Clearly explain and show how 
each component is present in your example. Use examples from the text to support your claims.
Ans: The following should be clearly identified and supported: Process–leadership discussed as an interaction between leader and followers, as well as emphasis on its availability to everyone. 
Influence–-a specific mention of how said influence is applied within the example. Groups–the 
context of the example should in some way take place within a group or organizational setting. 
Common goals–the goals of both the leader and the follower should be mentioned and discussed 
as they relate to the other aspects of the definition.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Leadership Defined
Question Type: Essay

94. Are leaders born or made?  Defend your answer with specific topics and research in the text that supports your answer.
Ans: Answers will vary.  Students who answer “born” should use the trait definition of leadership and identify traits such as intelligence and height and dominance.  Answers could include information from Chapter 2 about the intuitive appeal of being able to identify a leader by his or her traits, which makes followers want to follow.  Students who answer “made” should discuss the influence and interactive nature of the definition of leadership. They could include that leaders develop over time as they interact with followers and learn how to interact with others as they gain experience. They might include information from Chapter 3 in their answers as well.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Leadership Defined
Question Type: Essay